Two of the most important design decisions to consider when creating a background process are how it will be run and how other processes will communicate with it. These two considerations interact with each other: different types of background processes have different forms of communication available to them.
It's a useful service if you do lose your iPhone because you can use it to locate the iPhone, iPad or Mac by logging on to iCloud.com (on a Mac or Windows PC) or using the Find my iPhone app on an.
- If Apple FMiP Activation Lock is enabled, you will need access to the internet to complete these steps. From the Home screen, tap Settings General Reset. Tap desired option: Reset All Settings Use this option before attempting a master reset. Erase All Content and Settings Use this option for master reset. Be sure to select Erase all & keep.
- If you want to invest in a high-end task management app for Mac, Things is worth the price. However, there is a free trial available if you don’t want to pay right away.
- In this app category, and in every category, we are committed to providing a competitive, innovative app ecosystem. There are many tremendously successful apps that offer functions and services similar to Apple’s in categories like messaging, maps, email, music, web browsers, photos, note-taking apps, contact managers and payment systems, just to name a few.
- Apple's virtual 'One More Thing' event kicks off today at 10:00 a.m. Pacific Time, with Apple expected to debut its first Mac models based on its own Apple Silicon chips.
Types of Background Processes
There are four types of background processes in OS X. The differences are summarized in Table 1-1 and described in detail in the following subsections. To select the appropriate type of background process, consider the following:
-
Whether it does something for the currently logged in user or for all users.
-
Whether it will be used by single application or by multiple applications.
-
Whether it ever needs to display a user interface or launch a GUI application.
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Note: The descriptions in this section focus on recommended best practices, but some additional kinds of behavior are also available. For these details, see the respective chapters for each kind of daemon and service.
Type
|
Managed by launchd?
|
Run in which context?
|
Can present UI?
|
---|---|---|---|
Login item
|
No*
|
User
|
Run mac apps on chromebook. Yes
|
XPC service
|
Yes
|
User
|
No
(Except in a very limited way using IOSurface)
|
Launch Daemon
|
Yes
|
System
|
No
|
Launch Agent
|
Yes
|
User
|
Not recommended
|
* Login items are started by the per-user instance of
launchd
, but it does not take any actions to manage them.
For more information about the system and user contexts, see Multiple User Environment Programming Topics.
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Login items
Login items are launched when the user logs in, and continue running until the user logs out or manually quits them. Their primary purpose is to allow users to open frequently-used applications automatically, but they can also be used by application developers. For example, a login item can be used to display a menu extra or to register a global hotkey.
For example, many to-do applications use a login item that listens for a global hotkey and presents a minimal UI allowing the user to enter a new task. Login items are also commonly used to display user interface items, such as a floating clock or a timer, or to display an icon in the menu bar. .
Another example is a calendaring application with a helper application launched as a login item. The helper application runs in the background and launches the main GUI application when appropriate to remind the user of upcoming appointments.
For information about how to create a login item, see Adding Login Items. Kartridge app how to play pc games on mac.
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XPC Services
XPC services are managed by
launchd
and provide services to a single application. They are typically used to divide an application into smaller parts. This can be used to improve reliability by limiting the impact if a process crashes, and to improve security by limiting the impact if a process is compromised.
With traditional single-executable applications, if any part of the application crashes, the entire application terminates. By restructuring the application into a main process and services, the impact of a crash in a service is significantly less. The user can continue to work; the service that crashed gets relaunched. For example, an email application can use an XPC service to handle communication with the mail server. Even if the service crashes, temporarily interrupting communication with the server, the rest of the application remains usable.
Sandboxing allows you to specify a list of things your program is expected to do during normal operation. The operating system enforces that list, limiting the damage that can by done by an attacker. For example, a text editor might need to edit files on disk that have been opened by the user, but it probably does not need to open arbitrary files in other locations or communicate over the network.
You can combine sandboxing with XPC services to provide privilege separation by splitting a complex application, tool, or daemon into smaller pieces with well-defined functionality. Because of the reduced privileges of of each individual piece, any flaws are less exploitable by an attacker: none of the pieces run with the full capabilities of the user. For example, an application that organizes and edits photographs does not usually need network access. However, if it also allows users to upload photos to a photo sharing website, that functionality can be implemented as an XPC service with network access and mediated access (or no access) to the file-system.
For information about how to create an XPC service, see Creating XPC Services.
Launch Daemons
Daemons are managed by
launchd
on behalf of the OS in the system context, which means they are unaware of the users logged on to the system. A daemon cannot initiate contact with a user process directly; it can only respond to requests made by user processes. Because they have no knowledge of users, daemons also have no access to the window server, and thus no ability to post a visual interface or launch a GUI application. Daemons are strictly background processes that respond to low-level requests.
Most daemons run in the system context of the system—that is, they run at the lowest level of the system and make their services available to all user sessions. Daemons at this level continue running even when no users are logged into the system, so the daemon program should have no direct knowledge of users. Instead, the daemon must wait for a user program to contact it and make a request. As part of that request, the user program usually tells the daemon how to return any results.
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For information about how to create a launch daemon, see Creating Launch Daemons and Agents.
Launch Agents
Agents are managed by
launchd
, but are run on behalf of the currently logged-in user (that is, in the user context). Agents can communicate with other processes in the same user session and with system-wide daemons in the system context. They can display a visual interface, but this is not recommended.
If your code provides both user-specific and user-independent services, you might want to create both a daemon and an agent. Your daemon would run in the system context and provide the user-independent services while an instance of your agent would run in each user session. The agents would coordinate with the daemon to provide the services to each user. https://borenew636.weebly.com/blog/how-to-change-where-from-app-info-mac.
For information about how to create a launch daemon, see Creating Launch Daemons and Agents.
Protocols for Communicating with Daemons
There are four major communication mechanisms commonly used between daemons and their clients: XPC, traditional client-server communications (including Apple events, TCP/IP, UDP, other socket and pipe mechanisms), remote procedure calls (including Mach RPC, Sun RPC, and Distributed Objects), and memory mapping (used underneath the Core Graphics APIs, among others).
XPC is the easiest way to launch and communicate with your daemon. For details on implementing this mechanism, see Creating XPC Services and XPC Services API Reference.
Other RPC (remote procedure call) mechanisms such as Distributed Objects should be avoided for communication across security domain boundaries, for example a user process communicating with a system-level daemon, because this creates a security risk. They are appropriate only when you can be certain that both processes involved have the same level of privileges.
In most other cases, you should use a traditional client-server communication API. Code based on these APIs tends to be easier to understand, debug, and maintain than RPC or memory mapping designs. It also tends to be more portable to other platforms than RPC-based code. For details on implementing using TCP/IP, read Networking Overview.
Memory mapping requires complex management and represents a security risk if you are not careful about what memory pages you share or if you do not sufficiently validate the shared data. You should use memory mapping only if your client and daemon require a large amount of shared state with low latency, such as passing audio or video in real time. For details on implementing this mechanism, see SharedMemory.
Viewing the Currently Running Daemons
If you want to see the daemons currently running on your system, use the Activity Monitor application (located in
/Applications/Utilities
). This application lets you view information about all processes including their resource usage. Figure 1-1 shows the Activity Monitor window and the process information.
Note: If you want to know more about the services provided by a particular daemon, consult the
man
page for that daemon. You can also view the manual pages online by reading OS X Man Pages.
Copyright © 2003, 2016 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Updated: 2016-09-13
Learn how to master reset on an iPhone running Apple iOS 13 using the menu or hardware keys.
On this page:
Master reset from settings menu
A master reset restores the original factory settings and may delete your personal data on the internal storage, such as downloads, ringtones, images, apps, contacts, and Visual Voicemail. It does not delete data stored on the SIM card or SD card.
- Back up all data on the internal memory.
- If Apple FMiP Activation Lock is enabled, you will need access to the internet to complete these steps.
- From the Home screen, tap Settings > General > Reset.
- Tap desired option:
- Reset All Settings Use this option before attempting a master reset.
- Erase All Content and Settings Use this option for master reset. Be sure to select Erase all & keep plans.
- Reset Network Settings This will delete any saved Wi-Fi profiles.
- Reset Keyboard Dictionary
- Reset Home Screen Layout
- Reset Location & Privacy
- Type in the device password if prompted.
- Confirm selection.
Master reset with hardware keys
A master reset restores the original factory settings and may delete your personal data on the internal storage, such as downloads, ringtones, images, apps, contacts, and Visual Voicemail. It does not delete data stored on the SIM card or SD card.
If the device menus are frozen or unresponsive, there is no master reset using hardware keys. You must use Apple iTunes to force a software restore.
Reset network settings
Resetting network settings resets all data connections back to the out of the box factory defaults. The following changes will occur by performing a Reset of network settings.
- Stored Wi-Fi networks will be deleted.
- Stored tethered connections will be deleted.
- Paired Bluetooth devices will be deleted.
- Background data sync settings will be turned on.
- Data restrictive settings in applications that were manually turned on/off by the customer will be reset to the default setting.
- Network selection mode will be set to automatic.
- Preferred mobile network type will be set to best.
The following device connections status will default to when the device was being powered on for the first time.
- Airplane mode: OFF
- Bluetooth: ON
- Data roaming: OFF
- Mobile hotspot: OFF
- VPN: OFF
- Mobile data: ON
- Wi-Fi: ON
To perform a Network reset, follow these steps.
- From the Home screen, tap Settings > General > Reset.
- Tap Reset Network Settings
- Type in the device password if prompted.
- Confirm selection.
Soft reset with hardware keys
A soft reset is a simulated battery removal to power a device off when it's frozen if it has an internal battery that can't be removed. It does not cause loss of personal data on the device.
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iPhone 8 and above
- Press and quickly release the Volume Up key.
- Press and quickly release the Volume Down key.
- Press and hold the Side key until you see the Apple logo.
iPhone 7 or iPhone 7 Plus
- Press and hold both the Side and Volume Down keys for at least 10 seconds.
- When you see the Apple logo, release the keys.
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iPhone 6s and earlier or iPad
- Press and hold both the Home and the Top or Side keys for at least 10 seconds.
- When you see the Apple logo, release the keys.